甘肃省苹果农药残留分析及风险评估

Analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residue in apples in Gansu Province

中文关键词:  苹果  农药残留  风险评估  膳食暴露

英文关键词:apple  pesticide residue  risk assessment  dietary exposure

中文摘要:

      目的 明确甘肃省苹果主产区农药残留状况, 评估农药残留的膳食摄入风险。方法 对采自主产区的570个苹果样品进行农药残留检测, 根据急性参考剂量(acute reference doses, ARfD)、各类人群的体重和苹果消费量进行农药残留急、慢性膳食摄入风险评估; 借鉴兽药残留风险排序矩阵对农药和样品进行风险排序; 采用每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)、体重和日消费大份餐分析苹果中最大残留限量估计值(estimated maximum residue limits, eMRL)。结果 570个苹果样品中共检出14种农药, 样品检出率为48.6%, 其中多残留样品有132个, 不合格样品仅占1.0%。在14种农药中, 克百威和联苯菊酯在幼儿组男性中的急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)分别为112.98%和164.82%; 多菌灵在幼儿和儿童中的%ARfD分别高达227.29%和122.94%, 均存在不可接受风险。14种检出农药, 慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)在各类人群中均可接受。根据农药残留风险得分, 克百威和氯氟氰菊酯为高风险农药; 以样品风险指数排序, 高风险样品仅占1.6% (9个), 中、低、极低风险样品占98.4%。根据eMRL计算结果, 吡唑醚菌酯、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、氯氟氰菊酯、克百威、乙唑螨腈最大残留限量(maximum residue limits, MRLs)均制定过严, 建议将其分别设定为2.6、6、7、1.7、0.09、8 mg/kg (eMRL); 而多菌灵、哒螨灵、咪鲜胺MRLs制定过松, 建议将其分别设定为2.6、0.9、0.9 mg/kg (eMRL)。结论 甘肃苹果主产区样品农药残留检出率不高, 但农药多残留情况复杂, 农药施用存在盲目混用现象。苹果农药残留在各类人群中的慢性膳食风险均很低, 但多菌灵、联苯菊酯、克百威在低龄人群中的急性膳食风险较高。氯氟氰菊酯和克百威为高风险农药, 前期作物在施用克百威时在土壤中的残留量应重点关注。甘肃主产区苹果农药残留以低、极低、中风险为主。建议修订吡唑醚菌酯等9种农药的MRLs。

英文摘要:

      Objective To clarify the status of pesticide residues in the main apple-producing areas of Gansu Province and assess the dietary intake risk of pesticide residues. Methods Pesticide residue detection was conducted on 570 apple samples collected from the main production area. Based on acute reference doses (ARfD), body weights of various population groups, and apple consumption, the assessment of acute and chronic dietary intake risks of pesticide residues was performed. A risk-ranking matrix for veterinary drug residues was used to rank pesticides and samples. The estimated maximum residue limits (eMRL) in apples were determined using the acceptable daily intake (ADI), body weight, and daily consumption of large meals. Results Of the 570 apple samples, 14 kinds of pesticides were detected, with a detection rate of 48.6%. Among them, 132 samples had multiple residues, and only 1.0% were deemed unacceptable. Among the 14 kinds of pesticides, Carbofurans and bifenthrin posed acute dietary intake risks (%ARfD) of 112% and 154% in children, respectively. The %ARfD of carbendazim in infants and children were as high as 227% and 120%, indicating unacceptable risks. Chronic dietary intake risks for the detected pesticides were deemed acceptable across various demographic groups. Based on pesticide residue risk scores, carbofuran and eyhalothrin were identified as high-risk pesticides. According to the sample risk index ranking, high-risk samples accounted for only 1.6% (9 samples), while medium, low, and highly low-risk samples accounted for 98.4%. The calculated results for the eMRL suggested that pyraclostrobin, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, eyhalothrin, carbofuran, and cyetpyrafen had overly strict and were recommended to be set at 2.6, 6, 7, 1.7, 0.09, and 8 mg/kg (eMRL), respectively. However, the MRLs for carbendazim, pyridaben, and prochlorazwere set too leniently, and it was recommended to put them at 2.6, 0.9, and 0.9 mg/kg (eMRL), respectively. Conclusions The detection rate of pesticide residues in apple samples in the main production area of Gansu is not high, but the situation of multiple pesticide residues is complex, and there is a phenomenon of blind mixing of pesticides. The chronic dietary risk of apple pesticide residues is low in all population groups. However, there are higher acute dietary intake risks for carbendazim, bifenthrin, and carbofuran in younger age groups. Eyhalothrin and carbofuran are identified as high-risk pesticides, and special attention is recommended for the residual levels of carbofuran in the soil from previous crop applications. Pesticide residues in apples in the main production area of Gansu are mainly low, extremely low, and medium risk. It is suggested to revise the MRLs for 9 kinds of pesticides, such as pyraclostrobin.