Objective To establish an uncertain assessment method for the determination of vitamin B12 in infant milk powder by microbiological method. Methods According to JJF 1059.1—2012 Evaluation and representation of measurement uncertainty and GB 5413.14—2010 National food safety standard for the determination of vitamin B12in infant food and dairy products, the components of measurement uncertainty generated during the determination of vitamin B12 in infant milk powder by microbial method were analyzed, and the synthetic standard uncertainty and extended uncertainty of the measured results were calculated. Results When the vitamin B12 content of the sample was 3.97 g/100 g, the expansion uncertainty was 0.53 g/100 g (k=2). Conclusion Theuncertaintiescaused by the preparation of standard solution and the calculation of standard curve fitting havea great influence on the test results.