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| 咖啡因对运动表现和心脑血管系统的影响及运动食品设计展望 |
| Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Performance and the Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Systems: Prospects for Sports Food Design |
| 投稿时间：2026-05-04 修订日期：2026-08-07 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 咖啡因 运动表现 心脑血管健康 运动食品 运动营养 食品设计 |
| 英文关键词:caffeine exercise performance cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health sports food sports nutrition food design |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 咖啡因作为一种广泛存在于咖啡、茶、可乐型饮料和部分运动营养食品中的物质，已经成为专业竞技运动人群常用的功能性成分之一。适量摄入咖啡因可以在一定的程度上改善运动员的耐力、间歇和部分力量项目等比赛的表现，但其产生的交感兴奋、血压升高、睡眠干扰以及脑血流改变等效应也提示，运动增效并不等同于心脑血管安全。当前，传统含咖啡因的饮品中存在剂量波动较大、复配成分复杂和个体化不足等问题，而专业的补剂虽在剂量精准上具备优势，但其在食品属性、适口性和安全性等方面仍需进一步优化。因此，如何平衡心脑血管风险控制与食品工程可行性在专业运动员在竞技运动方面的表现，已成为咖啡因运动食品设计的重要问题。本文围绕咖啡因对运动人群心脑血管健康的影响，分析了其吸收代谢规律、腺苷受体拮抗作用及对血流动力学、代谢内分泌和运动表现的生理机制，综述了传统饮品、专业补剂及新型运动食品载体的应用特点和局限，进一步讨论了未来咖啡因食品在个体化剂量推荐、食品载体缓释或靶向化，以及针对不同运动需求与其他增能物质进行科学复配的未来发展方向，旨在为咖啡因相关运动食品的功能开发、风险评估和科学剂量使用提供科学理论参考。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Caffeine, a bioactive compound widely present in coffee, tea, cola-type beverages and some sports nutrition products, has become one of the most commonly used functional ingredients among competitive athletes. Moderate caffeine intake can improve performance in endurance, intermittent and some strength-based events to a certain extent. However, its sympathoexcitatory effects, potential to increase blood pressure, disturb sleep and alter cerebral blood flow indicate that ergogenic benefits do not necessarily equate to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular safety. At present, traditional caffeinated beverages are limited by large variations in caffeine dose, complex co-formulated ingredients and insufficient individualization, whereas professional supplements offer greater dosing precision but still require further optimization in terms of food properties, palatability and safety. Therefore, balancing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk control with food-engineering feasibility and competitive performance needs has become an important issue in the design of caffeine-containing sports foods. This review focuses on the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health in physically active populations. It analyses caffeine absorption and metabolism, adenosine receptor antagonism, and the physiological mechanisms through which caffeine affects haemodynamics, metabolic and endocrine responses, and exercise performance. It also summarizes the application characteristics and limitations of traditional beverages, professional supplements and emerging sports-food delivery systems. Finally, this review discusses future directions for caffeine-containing foods, including individualized dose recommendations, sustained-release or targeted food carriers, and rational combinations with other ergogenic substances tailored to different sporting demands. These perspectives aim to provide a theoretical basis for the functional development, risk assessment and scientifically guided dosing of caffeine-related sports foods. |
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