2022—2024年陕西省市售蔬菜中农药残留污染调查及风险评估

Investigation of pesticide residue contamination and risk assessment of commercially available vegetables in Shaanxi Province from 2022 to 2024

中文关键词:  陕西省  蔬菜  农药残留  风险评估

英文关键词:Shaanxi Province  vegetables  pesticide residues  risk assessment

中文摘要:

      目的 调查陕西省市售蔬菜中农药残留污染特征, 评估当地居民通过蔬菜摄入农药的膳食风险。方法 基于2022—2024年陕西省10个地市8大类765份市售蔬菜样品中25种农药残留的监测数据, 从不同农药种类、不同蔬菜种类、不同区域分布、农药混用情况等方面调查农药污染情况, 开展急性与慢性膳食摄入风险水平评估(dietary intake risk assessment, DIRA), 并通过食品安全指数(index of food safety, IFS)判定总体风险水平。结果 本次采集的蔬菜样品检出农药残留23种, 总体样品的检出率为58.17%, 超标率2.35%, 有24份样品检出禁限用农药, 其中乐果、氧乐果和甲拌磷检出即超标。单项指标的检出率为0.13%~25.49%, 超标率为0.13%~0.65%。叶菜类(74.31%)的检出率最高, 多药联用情况最严重。叶菜类(4.74%), 鳞茎类(3.51%)和茄果类(3.01%)检出超标样品。陕南地区的检出极端值较高, 关中地区贡献全省72.22%超标案例。氧乐果的急性参考剂量百分比(percentage of acute reference dose, %ARfD)为399.67%, 其余已评估农药的%ARfD和每日允许摄入量百分比(percentage of acceptable daily intake, %ADI)均小于100%。各单项农药的IFS均小于1, 蔬菜总体食品安全指数(mean index of food safety, )小于1。结论 陕西省市售蔬菜农药残留呈现检出率高、超标率低的特征, 叶菜类多药联用现象突出。除氧乐果外, 其余农药的急、慢性摄入风险水平均在可接受范围内。蔬菜的总体安全风险可控, 禁限用农药的违规使用和氧乐果的急性膳食暴露风险是影响蔬菜质量的主要因素。本研究结果可为当地优化蔬菜质量安全监管及开展居民膳食风险预警提供数据支撑。

英文摘要:

      Objective To investigate the characteristics of pesticide residue contamination in commercially available vegetables in Shaanxi Province and assess the dietary risk of local residents through vegetable consumption. Methods Based on the monitoring data of 25 kinds of pesticide residues in 765 samples of 8 major categories of commercially available vegetables from 10 cities in Shaanxi Province from 2022 to 2024, the pesticide residue contamination was investigated from different aspects such as different pesticide varieties, different vegetable species, different regional distributions and utilization of multiple pesticides. Acute and chronic dietary intake risk assessment (DIRA) was conducted and the overall risk level was determined through the index of food safety (IFS). Results The 23 kinds of pesticide residues were detected in vegetable samples, with an overall detection rate of 58.17% and an exceeding rate of 2.35%. Prohibited and restricted pesticides were detected in 24 samples, among which dimethoate, omethoate and phorate were found to exceed the maximum residue limits upon detection. The detection rate of individual indicators ranged from 0.13% to 25.49% and the exceeding rates ranged from 0.13% to 0.65%. Leafy vegetables (74.31%) had the highest detection rate and the co-use of multiple pesticides was the most prominent. Exceedance samples were found in leafy vegetables (4.74%), bulb vegetables (3.51%) and fruit vegetables (3.01%). The extreme values of detection in the Shannan region were relatively high and the Guanzhong region contributed 72.22% of the exceedance cases in the province. The percentage of acute reference dose (%ARfD) of omethoate was 399.67%, while the %ARfD and percentage of acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of the other evaluated pesticides were all less than 100%. The IFS of each individual pesticide was less than 1 and the mean index of food safety () of vegetables was less than 1. Conclusion The pesticide residues in commercially available vegetables in Shaanxi Province show a high detection rate and a low exceeding rate, and the phenomenon of multiple pesticide co-use in leafy vegetables is quite prominent. Except for omethoate, the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of other pesticides are within acceptable limits. The overall safety risk of vegetables is controllable. The illegal use of prohibited and restricted pesticides and the acute dietary exposure risk of omethoate are the main factors affecting vegetable quality. The findings of this study may provide data support for refining local regulatory strategies and implementing dietary risk warnings for residents.