不同产地即食和淡干海参品质比较及综合评价

Comparison of the quality and comprehensive evaluation of ready-to-eat and dried Apostichopus japonicus from different origins

中文关键词:  海参  “北参南养”  层次聚类分析(HCA)  主成分分析(PCA)  营养品质

英文关键词:Apostichopus japonicus  “North-to-South cultivation”  hierarchical clustering analysis  principal component analysis  nutritional quality

中文摘要:

      目的 客观比较“北参南养”产业模式下经历产地变迁的海参(Apostichopus japonicus)和大连本土生长海参的品质特征, 并进行品质综合评价。方法 选取大连本土海参与福建“北参南养”海参为研究对象, 以即食及淡干两种主流加工形态为样本载体, 通过理化全谱分析、感官评价及营养组分分析, 结合多变量统计分析方法, 系统揭示不同产地海参的品质差异及其物质基础。结果 产地环境显著塑造了两类海参的营养特征: 大连海参在“脂质品质与氨基酸组成”方面表现出显著优势, 其二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)含量及必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(essential amino acids/total amino acids, EAA/TAA)显著高于福建海参, 且动脉硬化指数(atherogenic index, AI)较低; 而福建“北参南养”海参则在“功能活性成分”积累上具有明显特征, 其海参多糖、海参皂苷及总糖含量相对较高。关联性分析揭示, n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的富集赋予了大连海参特有的清新“青草香”, 而皂苷与糖类的积累则形成了福建海参醇厚的“油脂香”。层次聚类分析(hierarchical clustering analysis, HCA)结果显示, 基于筛选出的10个核心营养理化指标可将所有样品准确聚类为四大簇, 有效识别了产地与加工方式的特征差异。基于主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)的综合评价模型进一步证实, 两类海参在营养组成上呈现出显著的“产地特异性”差异。结论 本研究从化学物质基础层面阐明了“北参南养”导致的品质差异变化规律, 揭示了大连海参以优质脂质与蛋白质为特征, 而福建海参以多糖与皂苷等活性物质富集为特征的产地差异, 为海参产业的品质科学评价、产品的差异化定位及精深加工提供了重要的理论依据。

英文摘要:

      Objective To objectively compare the quality characteristics of Apostichopus japonicus cultivated under the “North-to-South cultivation” model (geographical translocation) versus those from the native Dalian habitat, and conduct a comprehensive quality evaluation. Methods Using the 2 kinds of dominant market forms—ready-to-eat and dried Apostichopus japonicus—from Dalian (native) and Fujian (“North-to-South cultivation”) as research subjects, comprehensive physicochemical profiling, sensory evaluation and nutritional composition analysis were conducted. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to systematically elucidate the quality differentiation and its material basis between Apostichopus japonicus from different origins. Results The geographical environment significantly reshaped the nutritional profiles of the 2 groups. Dalian Apostichopus japonicus exhibited superior lipid quality and amino acid composition, characterized by significantly higher content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and essential amino acids/total amino acids (EAA/TAA), accompanied by a lower atherogenicity index (AI) compared to Fujian Apostichopus japonicus. Conversely, Fujian “North-to-South cultivation” Apostichopus japonicus were distinguished by the accumulation of functional bioactive components, showing relatively higher levels of Apostichopus japonicus polysaccharides, saponins and total sugars. Correlation analysis revealed that the enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contributed to the distinctive fresh “grassy” aroma of Dalian samples, while the accumulation of saponins and sugars formed the mellow “fatty” aroma of Fujian samples. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), based on 10 screened core physicochemical indicators, accurately classified all samples into 4 distinct clusters, effectively identifying characteristic differences driven by origin and processing methods. A principal component analysis (PCA)-based comprehensive evaluation model further confirmed significant “origin-specific” differences in nutritional composition between the 2 groups. Conclusion This study elucidates the patterns of quality differentiation caused by the “North-to-South cultivation” model from the perspective of chemical material basis. It reveals distinct origin-based characteristics: Dalian Apostichopus japonicus are defined by high-quality lipids and proteins, whereas Fujian Apostichopus japonicus are characterized by the enrichment of bioactive substances such as polysaccharides and saponins. These findings provide a vital theoretical basis for scientific quality evaluation, product differentiation and deep processing strategies in the Apostichopus japonicus industry.