2024年重庆地区市售酱油重金属污染调查及膳食风险评估

Investigation on heavy metal pollution and dietary risk assessment of soy sauce sold in Chongqing in 2024

中文关键词:  酱油  重金属  膳食暴露风险

英文关键词:soy sauce  heavy metal  dietary exposure risk

中文摘要:

      目的 调查2024年市售酱油重金属污染情况并评估其膳食暴露风险。方法 采集180份酱油样本(预包装酱油139份、散装酱油41份), 参照国家标准检测铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu) 7种重金属含量; 采用单因子污染指数法(single-factor pollution index, Pi)、内梅罗综合污染指数法(nemerow comprehensive pollution index, PN)评估Pb和As污染水平; 采用目标危害系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)和综合目标危害系数法(total target hazard quotient, TTHQ)评估重金属膳食暴露风险。结果 180份酱油均有重金属检出, 但检出重金属类型存在差异。根据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》限量要求(Pb≤1.0 mg/kg、As≤0.5 mg/kg), 139份预包装酱油仅Pb检出不合格样, 不合格率2.16%; 其余检出重金属平均含量由高到低依次为Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cu>As>Cd; 41份散装酱油Pb、As均符合限量要求, 其余检出重金属平均含量由高到低依次为Mn>Ni>Cr>Pb。180份酱油中3份预包装酱油Pb达到污染等级, 其余均为安全。PN显示, 预包装酱油Pb处于轻度污染, 散装酱油Pb接近警戒线, As均为安全。所有酱油重金属的THQ和TTHQ值均小于1。结论 多数酱油重金属污染水平低, 但少部分酱油Pb处于轻度污染或中度污染, 有待加强质量监控; 正常摄入量下, 酱油中重金属膳食暴露风险可接受。

英文摘要:

      Objective To investigate the heavy metal pollution and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of soy sauce in 2024. Methods This study collected 180 portions of soy sauce, including 139 portions of pre-packaged soy sauce and 41 portions of bulk soy sauce. Content of 7 kinds of elements including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), total arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) were determined by national standards. The pollution degree of Pb and As was evaluated by single-factor pollution index method (Pi) and nemerow comprehensive pollution index method (PN). The dietary exposure risk was evaluated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). Results The heavy metals were detected in all soy sauces, but there were differences in the types of heavy metals. According to the limited requirements of GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Limits of contaminants in food (Pb≤1.0 mg/kg and As≤0.5 mg/kg), only Pb in the 139 portions of pre-packaged soy sauce was detected to have unqualified samples, with an unqualified rate of 2.16%. The average content of other detected heavy metals was sorted as Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cu>As>Cd. The 41 portions of bulk soy sauce Pb and As met the limited quantity requirements. And the average content of other detected heavy metals was sorted as Mn>Ni>Cr>Pb. Out of 180 soy sauce samples, 3 pre packaged soy sauce samples had reached the pollution level for Pb, while the rest were safe. PN showed that pre packaged soy sauce Pb was mildly contaminated, bulk soy sauce Pb was close to the warning line, and As was safe. The THQ and TTHQ values of heavy metals in all soy sauce were less than 1. Conclusion Most soy sauces have low contamination levels, only a small number of soy sauces are in mild and moderate contaminated. Therefore, the quality monitoring of soy sauce condiments should be strengthened. Under normal intake, the risk of dietary exposure of heavy metals in soy sauce is acceptable.